Academic Word List

Nhom 1 Analysis: S phan tich Chemical analysis of the woman’s dress revealed traces of blood. The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes. At the meeting they presented a detailed analysis of twelve schools. †¢ analyse / †¢ analyze †¢ analyst †¢ analytic = isolating †¢ analytical †¢ analytically Approach: Phuong phap, ti p c n We need to adopt a different approach to the problem What's the best way of approaching this problem? †¢ approachable / †¢ unapproachable Area: Ph m vi hi u bi t, chuyen mon Software is not really my area of expertise Assess: ? anh gia The tests are designed to assess a child's reading skills.It's difficult to assess the effects of these changes. Interviews allow you to assess the suitability of candidates. †¢ assessable †¢ assessment †¢ reassess †¢ reassessment Assume: Cho r ng, gi n nh Everything was quiet when I got home so I assumed that you had gone out. Let us assume for a moment tha t the plan succeeds. She would, he assumed, be home at the usual time. In this example we have assumed a unit price of $10. I had assumed him to be a Belgian. †¢ assumed †¢ assuming †¢ assumption Authority: Chuyen gia She is an authority on seventeenth-century English literature †¢ authoritative †¢ authoritatively ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om -1- Nhom 1 Available: Co th mua nu c, s d ng nu c This information is available free on the Internet. The new drug is not yet available to the public. When will the information be made available? We'll send you a copy as soon as it becomes available. †¢ availability †¢ unavailability †¢ unavailable Benefit: L i th , l i ich He couldn't see the benefit of arguing any longer. I had the benefit of a good education For maximum benefit, take the tablets before meals. †¢ beneficial †¢ beneficiary Concept: Khai ni m He can't grasp the basic concepts of mathematics Concepts such as â⠂¬Ëœcivilization’ and ‘government’ †¢ conception conceptual †¢ conceptualize †¢ conceptually Consist: Bao g m, g m co A dessert consisting of fruit and cream (ch a n ng) The beauty of the city consists in its magnificent buildings. (chinh) †¢ consistency / †¢ inconsistency †¢ consistent / †¢ inconsistent †¢ consistently / †¢ inconsistently Constitute: (~establish, set up) Thi t l p, thanh l p The committee was constituted in 1974 by an Act of Parliament †¢ constituency †¢ constituent †¢ constitution †¢ constitutional / †¢ unconstitutional †¢ constitutionally / †¢ unconstitutionally †¢ constitutive ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 1 Context: Trong hoan c nhThis speech needs to be set in the context of Britain in the 1960s. His decision can only be understood in context. †¢ contextual †¢ contextualization †¢ contextualize †¢ contextually Contract: H p n ng †¢ contractor Create: T o ra, gay nen The snow created further problems Scientists disagree about how the universe was created. The government plans to create more jobs for young people. †¢ creation / †¢ recreation †¢ creative †¢ creatively †¢ creativity †¢ creator †¢ recreate Data: Thong tin Define: Ch c ch n I've heard rumours, but nothing definite Your duties are clearly defined in the contract. Can you define what it means to be an American? definable †¢ definition †¢ redefine †¢ redefinition †¢ undefined Derive: Nh n nu c, l y nu c t †¦ tim th y ngu n g c t The name derives from Latin. The word ‘politics’ is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘city/ He derived great pleasure from painting †¢ derivation †¢ derivative ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 1 Distribute: Phan ph i, phan phat The organization distributed food to the earthquake victims â € ¢ distribution †¢ distributional †¢ distributive †¢ distributor †¢ redistribute †¢ redistribution †¢ redistributive Economic: Thu c kinh t The economy is in recession †¢ economical †¢ economically †¢ economics economist †¢ economy †¢ uneconomic †¢ uneconomical Environment: Moi tru ng An unhappy home environment can affect a child's behaviour †¢ environmental †¢ environmentalism †¢ environmentalist †¢ environmentally Establish: Thanh l p, thi t l p, c ng c The committee was established in 1912 Let's establish some ground rules. †¢ established / †¢ disestablish †¢ establishment / †¢ disestablishment Estimate: ? nh gia, nanh gia, u c lu ng I can give you a rough estimate of the amount of wood you will need Official government estimates of traffic growth over the next decade †¢ estimation †¢ overestimate †¢ overestimation †¢ underestimate inh Nho Hi p – [ema il  protected] com -4- Nhom 1 Evident: Hi n nhien, ro rang (~obvious) It was evident from his voice that he was upset. The growing interest in history is clearly evident in the number of people visiting museums and country houses †¢ evidence †¢ evidential †¢ evidently Export: Xu t kh u 90% of the engines are exported to Europe †¢ exporter Factor: Nhan t , y u t The result will depend on a number of different factors Finance: Tai chinh, ti n b c Finance for education comes from taxpayers †¢ financial †¢ financially †¢ financier Formula: Cong th c †¢ formulate / †¢ reformulate †¢ formulation / †¢ reformulationFunction: Ch c nang The function of the heart is to pump blood through the body †¢ functional †¢ functionally Identify: Nh n ra, nh n di n (= ID) She was able to identify her attacker Many of those arrested refused to identify themselves (= would not say who they were). The gunman in Wednesday's attack has been id entified as Lee Giggs, an unemployed truck driver. †¢ identifiable †¢ identification ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- Nhom 1 Income: Thu nh p They receive a proportion of their income from the sale of goods and services Indicate: (~show, point) Ch ra, bi u l The signpost indicated the right road for us to followResearch indicates that eating habits are changing fast. †¢ indication †¢ indicative †¢ indicator (=blinker) Invidual: Rieng r , rieng bi t We interviewed each individual member of the community †¢ individualism †¢ individualist †¢ individualistic †¢ individuality †¢ individually Interpret: Gi i thich, lam sang t The students were asked to interpret the poem †¢ interpretable †¢ interpretation †¢ interpretative †¢ interpretive †¢ misinterpret †¢ misinterpretation †¢ reinterpret †¢ reinterpretation Involve: (~entail) Bao g m, dinh dang n n The test will involve answering questions about a photograph. The job involves my travelling all over the country.Many of the crimes involved drugs †¢ involved †¢ involvement †¢ uninvolved Issue: V n n This is a big issue; we need more time to think about it †¢ issuer ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 1 Labour: Lao n ng (chan tay) The company wants to keep down labour costs †¢ labor Legal: H p phap They are currently facing a long legal battle in the US courts †¢ legality †¢ legally †¢ illegal †¢ illegality †¢ illegally Legislate: L p phap The government will legislate against discrimination in the workplace †¢ legislation †¢ legislative †¢ legislator †¢ legislature Major = most of/most = serious = huge >big We have encountered major problems majority Method: Phuong phap, cach th c A new method of solving the problem †¢ methodical †¢ methodically †¢ methodological †¢ methodologically †¢ methodolog y Occur: (~happen) X y ra, x y n n (n t ng t) Something unexpected occurred According to the police, the shooting occurred at about 12. 30 a. m. †¢ occurrence †¢ reoccur Per cent: Ph n tram Poor families spend about 80 to 90 per cent of their income on food †¢ percentage ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- Nhom 1 Period: Giai no n, kho ng th i gian The factory will be closed down over a 2-year period/a period of two years †¢ periodic †¢ periodical †¢ periodicallyPolicy: Chinh sach, nu ng l i hanh nong (Chinh ph , ? ng, Nha Nu c†¦) They have had a significant change in policy on paternity leave. Pinciple: Nguyen t c I refuse to lie about it; it's against my principles. Stick to your principles and tell him you won't do it. †¢ principled †¢ unprincipled Proceed = continue = go on = ti p t c = ti n hanh = ti n trinh We're not sure whether we still want to proceed with the sale She sat down and proceeded to tell me about her s kiing trip. He outlined his plans and then proceeded to explain them in more detail. Work is proceeding slowly. †¢ procedural †¢ procedure †¢ proceeding †¢ proceedsProcess: Qua trinh, s ti n tri n We're in the process of selling our house †¢ processing Require: (~need) ? oi h i, yeu c u what do you require of me? True marriage requires us to show trust and loyalty. Lentils do not require soaking before cooking. (? u khong c n ngam†¦) †¢ requirement Research: (v. n) Nghien c u To research into the causes of cancer I've done some research to find out the cheapest way of travelling there †¢ researcher ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- Nhom 1 Respond: ? ap l i, hu ng ng When asked about the company's future, the director responded that he remained optimistic †¢ respondent †¢ response †¢ responsive responsively †¢ responsiveness †¢ unresponsive Role: Vai tro It is one of the greatest roles she has played T he role of the teacher in the classroom This part of the brain plays an important role in learning. Section (V: c t, phan chia N: ph n c t ra) The library has a large biology section Sector (area, zone): Khu v c (kinh t , ki thu t) the manufacturing sector Significant: Quan tr ng, tr ng n i, n y y nghia It is significant that girls generally do better in examinations than boys There are no significant differences between the two groups of students. Your work has shown a significant improvement. †¢ significance †¢ significantly †¢ signify insignificance †¢ insignificant †¢ insignificantly Similar: Tuong t My teaching style is similar to that of most other teachers. The two houses are similar in size The brothers look very similar. †¢ similarity †¢ similarly Source: Ngu n, ngu n g c. Your local library will be a useful source of information. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -9- Nhom 1 Specific: D t khoat, ro rang, chi ti t, chinh xac I gave you specific instructions ‘I'd like your help tomorrow. ’ ‘Can you be more specific’? A specific purpose/reason Could we arrange a specific time to meet? †¢ specifically †¢ specification †¢ specificity †¢ specifics †¢ unidentifiableStructure: C u truc The grammatical structures of a language †¢ structural †¢ structurally †¢ restructuring †¢ restructure †¢ unstructured Theory: Gi n nh, h c thuy t I have this theory that most people prefer being at work to being at home †¢ theoretical †¢ theoretically †¢ theoretician †¢ theorist Vary: Thay n i (m c n nh ) (ng ai, n i) The menu varies with the season Class numbers vary between 25 and 30. What time do you start work? ’ ‘It varies. ’ The aerobics instructor varies the routine each week †¢ variability †¢ variable †¢ variably †¢ variance †¢ variant †¢ variation †¢ varied †¢ invari able †¢ invariably ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om – 10 – Nhom 2 Achieve: v. Thanh cong (~accomplish) Their background gives them little chance of achieving at school. †¢ achievable †¢ achievement Acquire: Thu nu c, n t nu c She has acquired a good knowledge of English How long will it take to acquire the necessary skills? He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty. The company has just acquired new premises. †¢ acquisition Administration: (~managing) S trong nom, s qu n ly; s cai qu n, s cai tr She has little experience in administration (= in organizing a business, etc. ). Teachers complain that more of their time is taken up with administration than with teaching. †¢ admin administrative †¢ administratively †¢ administrator Affect: nh hu ng n n, tac n ng n n Your opinion will not affect my decision It's a disease which affects many older people. How will these changes affect us? †¢ affective †¢ affectively †¢ unaffected Appropriate: (~suitable) Phu h p Appropriate for something: Jeans are not appropriate for a formal party. Appropriate to something: The book was written in a style appropriate to the age of the children. †¢ appropriacy / †¢ inappropriacy †¢ appropriately †¢ appropriateness †¢ inappropriate †¢ inappropriately †¢ inappropriateness ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 2 Aspect: Khia c nhShe felt she had looked at the problem from every aspect. The book aims to cover all aspects of city life. Assist: (~help) Giup n We'll do all we can to assist you. We will assist you in finding somewhere to live. We are looking for people who would be willing to assist in the group's work. Anyone willing to assist can contact this number. †¢ assistance †¢ assistant †¢ unassisted (=aided) Category: Nhom The results can be divided into three main categories. †¢ categorization †¢ categorize Chapter: Chuong (sach) Commission: M nh l nh, ra l nh The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison. commissioner (=police commissioner) Community: Phu ng, h i The local community was shocked by the murders. Health workers based in the community (= working with people in a local area) Complex: (~complicated) Ph c t p A complex argument/problem/subject The complex structure of the human brain †¢ complexity Compute: U c tinh The losses were computed at ? 5 million. †¢ computable †¢ computation †¢ computational †¢ computer †¢ computing ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 2 Conclude: (~end) K t thuc The programme concluded with Stravinsky's ‘Rite of Spring’. He concluded by wishing everyone a safe trip homeShe concluded her speech with a quotation from Shakespeare. The concert concluded with a firework display. I would like to conclude by thanking you all for attending. †¢ conclusion †¢ con clusive / †¢ inconclusive †¢ conclusively / †¢ inconclusively Conduct: Ti n hanh, t ch c They conducted a vigorous campaign for a shorter working week. To conduct an experiment/an inquiry/a survey Consequence: (~result) K t qu To suffer/face/take the consequences of your actions This decision could have serious consequences for the industry Two hundred people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger. If you make im angry, you'll have to suffer the consequences. †¢ consequent †¢ consequently Construct (~build) (thu ng th b n ng) Xay d ng When was the bridge constructed? They constructed a shelter out of fallen branches. The building was constructed in 1930. †¢ construction / †¢ reconstruction †¢ constructive †¢ constructively †¢ reconstruct Consumer: Khach hang Health-conscious consumers want more information about the food they buy †¢ consume †¢ consumption Credit: S khen ng i I can't take all the credit for th e show's success—it was a team effort. †¢ creditor ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 2 Culture: (Thu c) van hoaCultural differences between the two communities †¢ cultural †¢ culturally †¢ cultured †¢ uncultured Design(v. n) Phac th o, thi t k , ki u The magazine will appear in a new design from next month. There was a fault in the design of the aircraft. The machine's unique design prevents it from overheating. †¢ designer Distinct: (~diffirent) (distinction): Khac nhau The results of the survey fell into two distinct groups. Jamaican reggae music is quite distinct from North American jazz or blues. This word has three distinct meanings. †¢ distinction / †¢ indistinct †¢ distinctive / †¢ distinctively †¢ distinctly / †¢ indistinctly †¢ distinctnessElement: Y u t Cost was a key element in our decision Equate: Coi ngang, ngang v i Many people equate wealth with happiness. I don't see how yo u can equate the two things. †¢ equation Evaluate: (~assess) ? anh gia, u c lu ng We need to evaluate how well the policy is working Our research attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs. †¢ evaluation / †¢ re-evaluation †¢ evaluative †¢ re-evaluate ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nhom 2 Feature: Net n c trung, tinh nang rieng An interesting feature of the city is the old market. Which features do you look for when choosing a car? Final: Cu i cungThey find each other in the final chapter of the book †¢ finality †¢ finalization †¢ finalize †¢ finally Focus (+on): T p trung (+vao) †¢ refocus Impact: Tac n ng, nh hu ng Her speech made a profound impact on everyone. Latino singers have had a major impact on pop music this year. Injury: Ch n thuong There were no injuries in the crash (= no people injured) †¢ injure †¢ injured †¢ uninjured Institute: Vi n, H c Vi n †¢ institution †¢ institutional †¢ institutionalization †¢ institutionalize †¢ institutionalized †¢ institutionally Invest: ? u tu Now is a good time to invest in the property market †¢ investment †¢ investor †¢ reinvest reinvestment ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- Nhom 2 Item: ? , v t Can I pay for each item separately? †¢ itemize Journal: (~newspaper~magazine) Bao, t p chi Maintain: (~ keep) (~preserve )Gi The two countries have always maintained close relations. To maintain law and order/standards/a balance The army has been brought in to maintain order in the region. †¢ maintenance Normal: Binh thu ng It's normal to feel tired after such a long trip. It's perfectly normal to feel some degree of stress at work. That's a fairly normal weight for someone of your height. Now that trains are running again things are back to normal.He should be able to lead a perfectly normal life. †¢ normalcy †¢ normality †¢ norma lization †¢ normalize †¢ normally / †¢ abnormally †¢ abnormal Obtain: (~get) L y nu c I finally managed to obtain a copy of the report He obtained a law degree from the University of California. †¢ obtainable / †¢ unobtainable Participate (~take part in) Tham gia She didn't participate in the discussion †¢ participant †¢ participation †¢ participatory Perceive = hi u (understad) = trong th y (see) = nh n th c, nh n th y She did not perceive herself as disabled. I perceived a change in his behaviour. The patient was perceived to have difficulty in breathing. perception ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 2 Positive: T tin, n y hi v ng A positive attitude/outlook She tried to be more positive about her new job On the positive side, profits have increased. †¢ positively Potential: Ti m tang, ti m nang A potential danger/threat A potential customer A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the building. †¢ potentially Previous: (~prior~before) Tru c No previous experience is necessary for this job. The car has only had one previous owner. She is his daughter from a previous marriage. †¢ previously †¢ previous to Primary: (~prime; main; most important; basic) chinhThe primary aim of this course is to improve your spoken English. Her primary responsibility is to train new employees. Our primary concern must be the children. Good health care is of primary importance. †¢ primarily Purchase: s mua ban Make a purchase (= buy something) Keep your receipt as proof of purchase. †¢ purchaser †¢ purchasing Range: Nhi u lo i (~variety) A range of colours/patterns There is a full range of activities for children The hotel offers a wide range of facilities. We discussed a wide range of subjects. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- Nhom 2 Region: Vung mi nPeople in the regions should not have to travel to London to fly to the United States †¢ re gional †¢ regionally Regulate: Ch nh non, quy n nh The activities of credit companies are regulated by law. Laws regulating advertising Babies find it difficult to regulate their body temperature. It is up to the regulating authority to put the measures into effect. †¢ regulation †¢ regulator †¢ regulatory †¢ deregulate †¢ deregulation †¢ deregulatory †¢ unregulated Relevant: (+to) Lien quan Education should be relevant to children's needs. A relevant suggestion/question/point Do you have the relevant experience? Send me all the relevant information. irrelevance †¢ irrelevancy †¢ irrelevant †¢ irrelevantly †¢ relevance †¢ relevantly Reside: (~live) Cu tru He returned to Britain in 1939, having resided abroad for many years. Their passports do not give them the right to reside in Britain †¢ residence †¢ residency †¢ resident †¢ residential ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- Nhom 2 Re source: Tai nguyen The exploitation of minerals and other natural resources We do not have the resources (= money) to update our computer software †¢ resourceful †¢ resourcefully †¢ resourcefulness †¢ under-resourced Restrict: (~limit) H n ch Restrict something to something Speed is restricted to 30 mph in towns.We restrict the number of students per class to 10. †¢ restricted †¢ restriction †¢ restrictive †¢ restrictively †¢ unrestricted Secure: Ch c ch n, b o n m, an toan It's not a very secure way to make a living. The future of the company looks secure. The building is secure against intruders †¢ securely †¢ security †¢ insecure †¢ insecurely †¢ insecurity Seek: (~find~looking for) Tim Highly qualified secretary seeks employment. They sought in vain for somewhere to shelter. (†¦Tim ki m trong vo v ng†¦) †¢ sought (past) Select: (~choose~chose) Ch n He hasn't been selected for the team. †¢ s election †¢ selective †¢ selectively †¢ selectivity inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -9- †¢ selector Nhom 2 Site: Vung n t (Xay d ng) A site has been chosen for the new school. Strategy: Chi n lu c It's all part of an overall strategy to gain promotion †¢ strategic †¢ strategical †¢ strategically †¢ strategist Survey: Kh o sat A recent survey showed 75% of those questioned were in favour of the plan. Carry out a survey†¦ Text: Ch (sach, bao, van b n) Highlight the area of text on screen and press the ‘delete’ key. textual Tradition: Truy n th ng The company has a long tradition of fine design. †¢ traditional †¢ traditionalist †¢ traditionally †¢ non-traditional Transfer: Di chuy n, s di chuy nHow can I transfer money from my bank account to his? †¢ transferability †¢ transferable †¢ transference ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com – 10 – Nhom 3 Alterna tive: S l a ch n You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two alternatives †¢ alternatively Circumstance: Hoan c nh, tru ng h p, tinh hu ng We were simply thrown together by circumstance on the long journey. Comment: L i nh n xet, l i binh She made helpful comments on my work. †¢ commentary †¢ commentator Compensate: B i thu ng Her lawyers say she should be compensated for the suffering she had been caused. †¢ compensation †¢ compensatoryComponent: Thanh ph n Key components of the government's plan are†¦ Trust is a vital component in any relationship. (quan tr ng†¦) Consent: (permission, agreement) S n ng i He is charged with taking a car without the owner's consent. †¢ consensus †¢ consent Considerable: (~significant)? ang k , l n lao (amount, size, importance, etc. ) The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money The damage has been considerable. Considerable progress has been made in finding a cure for the disease. †¢ considerably Constant: Thu ng xuyen (kien tri, chung th y) Babies need constant attention This entrance is in constant use. She's in constant pain. constancy †¢ constantly †¢ inconstancy †¢ inconstant ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 3 Constrain: B t ep She felt constrained from continuing by the threat of losing her job. To constrain someone to do something: ep bu c ai lam vi c gi Regulations that constrain industry I'm constrained by decisions made in the past. The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it. The company said that it was constrained to raise prices. †¢ constraint †¢ unconstrained Contribute: ? ong gop, gop ph n We contributed ? 5000 to the earthquake fund. †¢ contribution †¢ contributor Conventional: Tinh truy n th ngIt's not a hotel, in the conventional sense, but rather a whole village turned into a hotel. †¢ convene †¢ convention †¢ conventio nality †¢ conventionally †¢ unconventional †¢ unconventionality †¢ unconventionally Coordinate: S ph i h p, h p tac A pamphlet produced by the government in coordination with (= working together with) the Sports Council †¢ coordination †¢ coordinator Core: Nhan, loi, nong c t Concern for the environment is at the core of our policies. Corporate: (thu c) t ch c corporate finance/planning/strategy The law applies to both individuals and corporate bodies. †¢ corporation ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om -2- Nhom 3 Corresponding: Tuong ng, n i v i A change in the money supply brings a corresponding change in expenditure. Profits have risen by 15 per cent compared with the corresponding period last year. †¢ correspond †¢ correspondence †¢ correspondingly Criteria: Tieu chu n What criteria are used for assessing a student's ability? Deduce: (~infer )Suy lu n, suy di n From the contents of his shopping basket, I deduced that he was single. We can deduce a lot from what people choose to buy. †¢ deducible †¢ deduction Demonstrate: Ch ng minh, gi i thich (show) Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing.The theories were demonstrated to be false. These problems demonstrate the importance of planning. She demonstrated how to use the new software. †¢ demo †¢ demonstrable †¢ demonstrably †¢ demonstrate †¢ demonstration †¢ demonstrative †¢ demonstratively †¢ demonstrator Document: Tu li u (in tren gi y) †¢ documentation Dominant: M nh nh t, quan tr ng nh t, nang luu i nh t The dominant feature of the room was the large fireplace. †¢ dominance †¢ dominate †¢ domination ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 3 Emphasis: (~stress ) T m quan tr ng The emphasis is very much on learning the spoken language.Schools are starting to place/put greater emphasis on passing exams. To put/lay/place emphasis on somethi ng We provide all types of information, with an emphasis on legal advice. †¢ emphasize †¢ emphatic †¢ emphatically Ensure: B o n m, b o hi m Victory ensured them a place in the final. Exclude: Ngan ch n, lo i tr Try excluding fat from your diet. Buses run every hour, Sundays excluded. Women are still excluded from the club. †¢ excluding †¢ exclusion †¢ exclusionary †¢ exclusive †¢ exclusively †¢ exclusiveness Framework: Khuon kh We are currently exploring new approaches within existing frameworks of practice and thinking Fund: Qu †¢ funder funding Illustrate: Minh h a An illustrated children's book His lecture was illustrated with photos taken during the expedition. This new discovery illustrates how little we know about early human history. †¢ illustration †¢ illustrative ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nhom 3 Immigrate: Nh p cu About 6. 6 million people immigrated to the United States in the 1970s. â⠂¬ ¢ immigrant †¢ immigration †¢ immigration control Imply: Ng i Are you implying (that) I am wrong? imply something His silence seemed to imply agreement. It was implied that we were at fault. An implied criticism (ng i ch trich) Initial: ? u tien, ban n uIn the initial stages (= at the beginning) of the campaig My initial reaction was to decline the offer. Initially, the system worked well. †¢ initially Instance: Vi d In most instances, there will be no need for further treatment. Many teenagers earn money, for instance by babysitting or cleaning cars. The report highlights a number of instances of injustice. Interaction: Giao ti p Our work involves a lot of interaction with the customers. The only thing he interacts with is his computer! Teachers have a limited amount of time to interact with each child. †¢ interact †¢ interactive †¢ interactively †¢ interactivity Justification: Bi n minhI can see no possible justification for any further tax in creases. There's no justification for treating her so badly. †¢ justifiable †¢ justifiably †¢ justified †¢ justify †¢ unjustified ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- Nhom 3 Layer: S p l p The potatoes are layered with onion. Link: M t xich, s k t n i Police suspect there may be a link between the two murders. †¢ linkage Locate: (~site) T a l c, n t v tri be located in/near/on, etc They located their headquarters in Swindon. †¢ located †¢ location †¢ relocate †¢ relocation Maximise: (~maximase) T i na hoa †¢ max †¢ maximization †¢ maximum Minor: Nh , khong quan tr ng (>< large)Women played a relatively minor role in the organization. †¢ minority Negative (~ bad ~ harmful) X u, gay h i Terrorist threats have had a very negative impact on tourism. The crisis had a negative effect on trade. The whole experience was definitely more positive than negative. †¢ negate †¢ negatively Outcome: K t l u n, k t qu We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations. We are confident of a successful outcome. Partnership: Quan h n ng nghi p He developed his own program in partnership with an American expert. †¢ partner ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 3 Philosophy: Tri t h c †¢ philosopher philosophic †¢ philosophical †¢ philosophically †¢ philosophize †¢ philosophizing Physical: Th ch t (adj) He tends to avoid all physical contact. †¢ physically Proportion: Ph n, t l Water covers a large proportion of the earth's surface. The proportion of regular smokers increases with age. A higher proportion of Americans go on to higher education than is the case in Britain. Children make up a large proportion of the world's population. †¢ proportional †¢ proportionally †¢ proportionate †¢ proportionately †¢ disproportion †¢ disproportionate †¢ disproportionately Published: Xu t b n The first e dition was published in 2007. †¢ publisher publishing †¢ unpublished Reaction: Ph n ng What was his reaction to the news? People can react badly to certain food additives. (†¦ph gia th c ph m) †¢ react †¢ reactionary †¢ reactivate †¢ reactivation ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- †¢ reactive †¢ reactor = nuclear reactor Registered: ? a nu c nang ki The ship was registered in Panama †¢ registration Nhom 3 Rely: Tin tu ng, d a vao (+on, upon) These days we rely heavily on computers to organize / organizing our work. †¢ reliability †¢ reliable †¢ reliably †¢ reliance †¢ reliant †¢ unreliability †¢ unreliable Remove: D i, di chuy n, nu i, xoa He removed his hand from her shoulder.Three children were removed from the school for persistent bad behaviour. †¢ removable †¢ removal Scheme: Am muu, i n , k ho ch A local scheme for recycling newspapers To introduce/operate a scheme t o improve links between schools and industry †¢ schematic †¢ schematically Sequence: S n i ti p, s lien ti p He described the sequence of events leading up to the robbery. (†¦v cu p) I got my slides mixed up and they appeared out of sequence. †¢ sequencing †¢ sequential †¢ sequentially Sex: Gi i tinh How can you tell what sex a fish is? †¢ sexism †¢ sexual ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- †¢ sexuality †¢ sexually Nhom 3Shift: Thay n i (tinh tinh, v tri, suy nghi, b n ch t, hinh dang) There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion on this matter. Public attitudes towards marriage have shifted over the past 50 years. Specify: Ch ro, ghi ro Remember to specify your size when ordering clothes. Forms must be returned by the specified date. †¢ specifiable †¢ unspecified Sufficient: ? Allow sufficient time to get there. These reasons are not sufficient to justify the ban. Is ? 100 sufficient for your expenses ? She didn't have sufficient time to answer all the questions. I was sufficiently close to hear what they were saying. †¢ insufficiency †¢ insufficient insufficiently †¢ sufficiency †¢ sufficiently Task: Nhi m v , ph n s Our first task is to set up a communications system. I was given the task of sorting out all the stuff in the garage Getting hold of this information was no easy task (= was difficult). Technical: (thu c) k thu t, chuyen mon We offer free technical support for those buying our software. Techniques: K x o, phuong phap k thu t, ki nang Her technique has improved a lot over the past season. Technology: K thu t h c,cong ngh h c The company has invested in the latest technology. †¢ technically †¢ technological †¢ technologically ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om -9- Nhom 3 Valid: H p l , h p li She had valid reasons for not supporting the proposals. The point you make is perfectly valid. A valid argument †¢ invalidate †¢ invalidation †¢ invalidity †¢ validate †¢ validation †¢ validity †¢ validly Volume: Tuy n t p, t ng s lu ng, t ng lu ng How do you measure the volume of a gas This work has grown in volume recently. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com – 10 – Nhom 4 Access: Truy c p You need a password to get access to the computer system. †¢ accessibility †¢ accessible †¢ inaccessibility †¢ inaccessible Adequate: ? I didn't have adequate time to prepare. The room was small but adequate.He didn't give an adequate answer to the question. Adequate for something The space available is not adequate for our needs. Adequate to do something training that is adequate to meet the future needs of industry †¢ adequacy †¢ adequately †¢ inadequacy †¢ inadequate †¢ inadequately Annual: Thu ng nien An average annual growth rate of 8% †¢ annually Apparent: Ro rang, hi n nhien It soon became apparent that she had lost interest in the project. Suddenly, for no apparent reason (= without a reason) he started screaming and shouting. Apparent (from something) (that†¦) It was apparent from her face that she was really upset.Apparent (to somebody) (that†¦) It soon became apparent to everyone that he couldn't sing. †¢ apparently Approximate: X p x The cost given is only approximate. †¢ approximately †¢ approximation ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 4 Attitude: Thai n , quan ni m To have a good/bad/positive/negative attitude towards somebody/something The government's attitude towards single parents If you want to pass your exams you'd better change your attitude! You're taking a pretty selfish attitude over this, aren't you? He has a very bad attitude to/towards work.Attribute: Quy cho, cho r ng (n c bi t la noi, vi t, v smth) She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck. †¢ attributable †¢ attribution Civil: N i b †¢ civilly Code: B lu t It's written in code. Commitment: L i h a, rang bu c She doesn't want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment The company's commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success. †¢ commit †¢ committed Communicate: Giao ti p, lien l c We only communicate by email. To communicate information/a message to somebody Has the news been communicated to the staff yet? Dolphins use sound to communicate with each other. communicable †¢ communication †¢ communicative Concentrate: S t p trung; noi t p trung A concentration of industry in the north of the country †¢ concentrated †¢ concentration ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 4 Conference: H i ngh , s ban b c She is attending a three-day conference on AIDS education †¢ confer Contrast: S khac bi t, S tuong ph n Contrast (between A and B) There is an obvious contrast between the cultures of East and West. Contrast (to somebody/something) The company lost $7 million this quarter in contrast to a profit of $6. 2 million a year earlier. †¢ contrasting †¢ contrastive Cycle: Chu ki, chu trinhThey could not break the cycle of harvest failure, food shortage, price increase and misery. †¢ cyclic †¢ cyclical †¢ cyclically Debate: Cu c tranh lu n, cu c th o lu n The motion under debate (= being discussed) was put to a vote. After a long debate, Congress approved the proposal. †¢ debatable †¢ debating Despite: M c du Her voice was shaking despite all her efforts to control it Dimension: Kich c (size, cao, r ng, dai,†¦) We measured the dimensions of the kitchen. †¢ -dimensional (adj) having the number of dimensions mentioned (ex: a multidimensional model) †¢ multidimensional ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 4Domestic: Trong nu c Output consists of both exports and sales on the domestic market. †¢ domestically †¢ domesticate à ¢â‚¬ ¢ domesticated †¢ domestication Emerge: (~transpire) L ra, ti t l ra (m t bi m t, m t s ki n.. ) It emerged that the company was going to be sold. No new evidence emerged during the investigation. A figure emerged from the shadows. †¢ emergence †¢ emergent Error: ~ Mistake: L i Error in something There are too many errors in your work. Error in doing something I think you have made an error in calculating the total. †¢ erroneous †¢ erroneously Ethnic: (thu c) b t c ethnic Albanians living in Germany †¢ ethnically †¢ ethnicityGoal: M c tieu Our ultimate goal must be the preservation of the environment. Grant: Tr c p The bank finally granted me a ? 500 loan. †¢ granted Hence = so = vi th nen = therefore I love SP so much, hence I try to be the her Mr. Right. He's got an interview today, hence the suit. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nhom 4 Hypothesis: Gi thuy t There is little evidence to support these hypotheses. †¢ hypothesize †¢ hypothetical †¢ hypothetically Implement: (~carry out) Ap d ng, thi hanh (offically) Our new computerized system will soon be fully implemented. A new work programme for young people will be implemented †¢ implementationImplication: S keo theo, s dinh liu, h qu (effect? ) Financial/health implications They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions. This scheme has serious implications for the local economy. They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions. †¢ implicate Impose: Ap n t, ap d ng She is always trying to impose her opinion on/upon other people The time limits are imposed on us by factors outside our control. (to impose upon someone's kindness — l i d ng long t t c a ai) I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children. †¢ imposition Integrate: H p nh t ~ Combine An integrated databaseIntegrate into/with something These programs will integrate with your existing software. I ntegrate A (into/with B)| integrate A and B These programs can be integrated with your existing software. Plans to integrate the two schools †¢ integrated †¢ integration Internal: N i, n i b The internal structure of a building †¢ internalization ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- †¢ internalize †¢ internally Nhom 4 Investigate: ? i u tra, nghien c u This is not the first time he has been investigated by the police for fraud. The FBI has been called in to investigate. Police are investigating possible links between the murders.Police are investigating what happened. He has been questioned by detectives investigating Jenkins' murder. †¢ investigation †¢ investigative †¢ investigator †¢ investigatory Job: Ngh nghi p She took a job as a waitress. Label: Nhan hi u He'll only wear clothes with a designer label. Mechanism: May moc, co ch (nghia nen va bong) Pain acts as a natural defence mechanism. Obvious: Ro rang, ranh m ch, hi n nhien †¢ obviously †¢ obviousness Occupational: (thu c) ngh nghi p Occupational disease †¢ occupancy †¢ occupant †¢ occupation †¢ occupationally †¢ occupied †¢ occupier †¢ occupy Option: S l a ch n There are various options open to you. inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 4 (various = variety of) †¢ optional Output: S n ph m Manufacturing output has increased by 8%. Over the past year the factory's output has fallen by 15%. Overall: (~bib overalls) T ng l i, toan th (adj) There will be winners in each of three age groups, and one overall winner. An overall improvement in standards of living (= affecting everyone) The overall effect We lost the first game, but won overall. Parallel: Song song, tuong t The road and the canal are parallel to each other. Parallel adverb The road and the canal run parallel to each other. The plane flew parallel to the coast. unparalleled Parameter: Tham s (set/define the parameter s) We had to work within the parameters that had already been established. Phase: Giai no n, th i ki (~time, moment) She's going through a difficult phase. The wedding marked the beginning of a new phase in Emma's life. The first phase of the project is scheduled for completion next year. My younger daughter is going through a phase of only wearing black. Predict: (~forecast) D noan She predicted (that) the election result would be close. They predicted that the temperature would reach 80 degrees today. †¢ predictability †¢ predictable †¢ predictably prediction †¢ unpredictability †¢ unpredictable ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- †¢ unpredictably Nhom 4 Principal: Chinh, ch y u My principal concern is to get the job done fast. Her principal reason for moving is to be nearer her mother. New roads will link the principal cities of the area. †¢ principally Prior ~ before (adj) She will be unable to attend because of a prior engageme nt. The course requires no prior knowledge of Spanish. Visits are by prior arrangement. Please give us prior notice if you need an evening meal. During the week prior to the meeting Although not essential (c n thi t, quan tr ng? , some prior knowledge of statistics is desirable (ong mu n) Professional: (=pro) Chuyen nghi p He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way. †¢ pro †¢ professionalism †¢ professionally Project: D an, cong trinh nghien c u To set up a project to computerize the library system †¢ projection Promote: (~encourage) Khuy n khich A campaign to promote awareness (nh n th c) of environmental issues Policies to promote economic growth †¢ promoter †¢ promotion Regime: Ch n , chinh th Resolve: (~settle, solve) Gi i quy t Both sides met in order to try to resolve their differences. To resolve an issue/a dispute/a conflict/a crisis inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- Nhom 4 Be patient and the situation may resolve it self. An attempt to resolve the dispute (M t s c g ng gi i quy t tranh ch p) †¢ resolution †¢ unresolved Retain: (~preserve) Gi To retain your independence He struggled to retain control of the situation. The house retains much of its original charm. She retained her tennis title for the third year. This information is no longer retained within the computer's main memory. She has a good memory and finds it easy to retain facts. The council will retain control of the school. He struggled to retain control of the situation. †¢ retainer †¢ retention retentive Series: Lo t, day, chu i The first episode of the new series is on Saturday. Statistic (stats/star): S li u th ng ke According to official statistics the disease killed over 500 people. †¢ statistical †¢ statistically †¢ statistician Status: ? a v , than ph n Women are only asking to be given equal status with men. Stress: Ap l c Things can easily go wrong when people are under stress. †¢ st ressed †¢ stressed out †¢ stressful †¢ unstressed Subsequent: ? n sau, theo sau, x y sa sau (>< previous) Developments on this issue will be dealt with in a subsequent report. Aubsequent generations ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected]mail. com 9- Nhom 4 Subsequent events confirmed our doubts. †¢ subsequently (~later) The original interview notes were subsequently lost. Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees. He subsequently became chairman of the party. Sum: T ng s (ti n) Huge sums have been invested in this project. Summary: Tom t t In summary, this was a disappointing performance. The following is a summary of our conclusions. †¢ summarily †¢ summarize †¢ summation †¢ sum Undertake: Nh n lam, cam k t I cant undertake to do that: toi khong th nh n lam ni u no The company has announced that it will undertake a full investigation into the accident. †¢ undertaking undertook ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protect ed] com – 10 – Nhom 5 Academic: Co tinh ch t h c thu t The students return in October for the start of the new academic year. †¢ academe †¢ academia †¢ academically †¢ academy Adjustment: S ni u ch nh I've made a few adjustments to the design. †¢ adjust †¢ readjust †¢ readjustment Alter: Thay n i, bi n n i (n i, ngo i) Prices did not alter significantly during 2007. He had altered so much I scarcely recognized him. Alter somebody/something It doesn't alter the way I feel. Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame. †¢ alterable †¢ alteration †¢ alternate †¢ alternately †¢ alternation †¢ unalterable unaltered Amend: S a ch a l i (n i v i van b n: Lu t, h p n ng, tai li u) The contract has now been amended. †¢ amendment Aware: Nh n th y, Nh n bi t As far as I'm aware, nobody has done anything about it. Aware of something I don't think people are really aware of just how much it costs. He was well aware of the problem. Everybody should be made aware of the risks involved. Aware that†¦ Were you aware that something was wrong? †¢ awareness †¢ unaware †¢ unawareness ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 5 Capacity: (~skilled, competent ) Co tai, co nang l c, co kh nang Capable of something You are capable of better work than this.Capable of doing something He's quite capable of lying to get out of trouble. I'm perfectly capable of doing it myself, thank you. †¢ incapacitate Challenge: S khu c t It was a direct challenge to the president's authority. †¢ challenged †¢ challenger †¢ challenging Clause: ? i u kho n (trong hi p u c, b lu t†¦) There is a clause in the contract forbidding tenants to sublet. Compound: H p ch t, t ghep†¦ (th g m 2 th tr len h p thanh) Common salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine. Conflict: S xung n t, n i l p, s va ch m John often comes into conflict with his boss. She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.The government has done nothing to resolve the conflict over nurses' pay. Consultation: S tham kh o, ban b c, s th o lu n The decision was taken after close consultation with local residents. †¢ consult †¢ consultancy †¢ consultant †¢ consultative Contact: S lien l c, lien h She's lost contact with her son. I finally made contact her in Paris. Have you kept in contact with any of your friends from college? The organization put me in contact with other people in a similar position. †¢ contactable Decline: S suy s p, tan t , suy tan The town fell into (a) after the mine closed. Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s. inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 5 Discretion: S t do lam theo y minh, s tuy i I'll leave it up to you to use your discretion. †¢ discrete †¢ discretely †¢ discreteness †¢ discretionary †¢ indiscretion Draft: B n phac th o I've mad e a rough draft of the letter. (phac th o nhap) The legislation is still in draft form. †¢ redraft Enable: (~allow): Lam cho co th (help? ) The software enables you to create your own DVDs. Insulin enables the body to use and store sugar. Energy: Nang lu ng It is important to conserve energy. †¢ energetic †¢ energetically Enforce: Ep bu c. (obey: tuan theo)The legislation will be difficult to enforce. It is the duty of the police to enforce the law. United Nations troops enforced a ceasefire in the area. (l nh ng ng b n) †¢ enforceable †¢ enforced †¢ enforcement Entity: Th c th , s t n t i These countries can no longer be viewed as a single entity. The unit has become part of a larger department and no longer exists as a separate entity. Equivalent: Tuong nuong 250 grams or an equivalent amount in ouncesequivalent to something Eight kilometres is roughly equivalent to five miles. †¢ equivalence ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nh om 5Evolution: Ti n hoa, ti n tri n (qua trinh) Darwin's theory of evolution †¢ evolutionarily †¢ evolutionary †¢ evolutionism †¢ evolutionist †¢ evolve Expansion: S m r ng, s phat tri n The expansion of higher education will continue. †¢ expand †¢ expansionism †¢ expansionist †¢ expansive †¢ expansively †¢ expansiveness Expose: (~reveal ) V ch tr n, phoi bay My job as a journalist is to expose the truth. Expose something to somebody He did not want to expose his fears and insecurity to anyone. †¢ exposed †¢ exposure External: ngoai, ben ngoai The lotion is for external use only (= only for the skin and must not be swallowed). externality †¢ externalization †¢ externalize †¢ externally Facilitate: Lam cho d dang, kh thi hon The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth. †¢ facilitation †¢ facilitator †¢ facility ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nho m 5 Fundamental: (~basic, essential ) Co b n, co s , ch y u There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view. A fundamental change in the organization of health services was required. †¢ fundamentally Generate: Sinh ra, phat ra We need someone to generate new ideas. Generation: Th h I often wonder what future generations will make of our efforts.Image: Hinh tu ng The aim is to improve the public image of the police. †¢ imagery Liberal: Khoan dung, khoan h ng, dung hoa A liberal attitude Her parents were very liberal. †¢ liberalism †¢ liberalization †¢ liberalize †¢ liberally †¢ liberate †¢ liberated †¢ liberation †¢ liberator Licence: Gi y phep A licence for the software You need a licence to fish in this river. †¢ unlicensed Logic: Lo gic, tinh lo gic I fail to see the logic behind his argument. †¢ illogical / †¢ logical †¢ illogicality †¢ illogically ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protecte d] com -5- Nhom 5 †¢ logically †¢ logician Margin: s khac nhau trong s phi u b uHe won by a narrow margin. She beat the other runners by a margin of ten seconds. †¢ marginal †¢ marginally Medical: (thu c) Y, Y h c Medical school: tru ng y A medical officer: quan y si †¢ medically Mental: (thu c) tri tu , (thu c) tri oc I made a mental note to talk to her about it He has a complete mental block (= difficulty in understanding or remembering) when it comes to physics. †¢ mentality †¢ mentally Modify: (~adjust) Lam d u nh , xoa d u; (~ adapt): S a n i, thay n i The software we use has been modified for us. †¢ modification †¢ unmodified Monitor: Quan sat, theo doi (s thay n i) Network: M ng lu i, h th ngA network of veins Notion: Khai ni m, ni m, ni m tin, quan ni m She had only a vague notion of what might happen. Notion (that†¦) I have to reject the notion that greed can be a good thing. Objective: Khach quan I can’t be objective when I judge my daughter’s work. †¢ objectively †¢ objectivity ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 5 Orientation: S n nh hu ng He's very secretive about his political orientation. orientation to/towards something Companies have been forced into a greater orientation to the market. †¢ orient †¢ orientate †¢ reorient †¢ reorientation Perspective: (~viewpoint) Quan ni m, goc nhin nh n

Education of women Essay

Daniel Defoe’s essay entitled â€Å"The Education of Women† was written to emphasis the value of education for women should be more than what is was. In para- graph 1 â€Å"†¦ us a civilized and a Christian country† Defoe’s target audience was for men and for those who follow the church and God. Eng- land at this time was dominantly of Christian faith and in this essay Defoe advocates more of God’s will rather than his own to establish his own credibility and moral high ground and Defoe is able to do this by raising this issue in the minds of his Christian  readership. Although there may not be too much weight behind his view on why women needed to be educated, with referencing God throughout the essay it becomes an effective reading with his target audience. He starts with his opinion then refers to God in the next sentence. This is a regular theme from start to finish and this captures his reader’s interest early on. Defoe included this rhetorical sentences in this essay and in paragraph 3 Defoe writes â€Å"the soul is placed in the body like a rough diamond, and must be polished, or the  luster of it will never appear†. His analogy is that if you don’t polish the diamond (women and educating) then they will never shine. In paragraph 3 he uses the term God in his next sentence. â€Å"If knowledge and understanding had been useless additions to the 1 Yorke sex, God Almighty would never have given them capacities; for he made nothing needless. † He states that God made women capable of learning and that none of God’s creation is unnecessary. Defoe believes women should be educated and educating them they would simply  become better wives and companions for men. As an example of this is in paragraph 5, he does not suggest learning practical subjects such as math and science but instead, he says that they should be taught† â€Å"†¦ in particular, Music and Dancing; which it would be cruelty to bar the sex of, because they are their darlings. But besides this, they should be taught languages† He also adds that they should read history books to be more ‘cultured’ so that they can â€Å".. understand the world, and to be able to know and judge of things when  they hear of them. † Defoe’s argument is that women as an equal. In paragraph 7 he writes â€Å"Women, in my observation, have little or no difference in them, but as they are or are not distin- guished by education. † Defoe summarizes in the last paragraph with this rhetorical sentence â€Å"I refer the Practice to those Happy Days (if ever they shall be) when men shall be wise enough to mend it. † Defoe implies that if man can change his views on education for women, then a woman would be educated will be seen as an equal amongst men.

Charles Darwin s Impact On The Life And Earth Sciences And On Creative

Besides past resistance, Darwin still faced obstacles in his hypotheses due to the lack of fossils. These fossils are believed to be the compass between an excessively commonplace of animal types. Although the reason behind the conviction and mistrust in Darwin’s speculations are unknown, he amazed the logical world as well as general society and had the capacity to persuade numerous people in the misinformed past conviction. This alone makes Darwin one of the most exceptional individuals in science history.  Ã‚      The hypothesis of development, proposed by Darwin, has been progressively discredited because of its dependence on a doubtful case of unconstrained era, gaps in the fossil record for which advancement needs clarifications, and negating investigative disclosures that upset ideas whereupon evolutionists depended. The truth of the matter is that the fossil record is a quiet affirmation against Darwin 's mistaken hypotheses of the fossil record reporting his concept of ma... ... middle of paper ... ...et worms was known for over a century in both the living fauna and the fossil record. Another key move in creature advancement was the presence of the vertebrates. For over a century, confirmation has been accumulating from anatomy and embryology that the Chordata phylum advanced from the echinoderms. A variety of fossils and living creatures to recount the tale of the move. An illustration of this transitional succession is seen in a gathering of dark spineless creatures called the lancelets. With a notochord, solid tail, gill openings, a digestive tract along the stomach and numerous other chordata highlights, lancelets are the most fish-like spineless creatures known. Set in succession, the acorn worms, tunicates, lancelets and delicate bodied jawless fish demonstrate the complete arrangement of steps expected to develop a vertebrate from an invertebrate ancestor.

Analyzing short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analyzing short story - Essay Example Doing the later helps to break the cycles that haunt them and their families, and forces them into a life which will be an escape from their difficult backgrounds. In relation to this, two short stories by Canadian writers namely An Ounce of Cure by Alice Munro and Cages by Guy Vanderhaeghe shall be analyzed. These two works are based on the theme if escape and the main characters do their best to ensure that they live a better life than their parents do. The setting is remarkably sober, and this helps to show that the writers intend for the stories to be serious matters and not to be taken lightly by the readers. In this paper, an analysis of Munro’s and Vanderhaeghe’s works shall be made based on the development of their characters, the conflicts which they face, and finally, the resolutions of these conflicts. These factors are set to determine whether the teenagers involved in these stories will become successful once they reach adulthood. It also shows the situatio ns which they have to undergo during this stage of their lives. In the end, it shall be determined whether the main characters featured in these stories succeed to achieve their dreams or they fail. In Munro’s An Ounce of Cure, the main character is a mature woman who looks at her past actions as a teenager. The story is related in the first person, and it reveals a person who has grown up and considers her actions as a teenager to have been foolish. It is a story of a young teenage girl who is hopelessly taken with a young man, Martin Collingwood, who shatters her heart. In an attempt to get rid of the pain which Martin has caused her, she indulges in alcohol, which gets her into trouble because her community frowns upon alcohol consumption. In Vanderhaeghe’s Cages, on the other hand, the main character is Billy, the younger son of a miner. His father would like for him and his brother to work hard so that they can avoid the life which he lives. Their father often thr eatens them with living a life in the cages, this referring to the elevator which takes miners down mine shafts. Vanderhaeghe also uses the term cage to refer to the different and difficult situations through which life puts people. One has to do their utmost to ensure that they escape otherwise; they risk getting trapped forever. This is what his father attempts to tell Billy and his brother, to encourage them to think further in life than he ever did. His dream is to have both his sons successful and not living the trapped life which he feels himself to be living. Throughout the story, we see Billy attempting to break out of the various cages in which he has been put. He does his best to ensure that he protects his elder brother from the thoughtless actions which he puts himself in. Billy covers up for the behavior of his older brother, often making excuses for his behavior. Moreover, within his family, he has to maintain the image of the smart son who never gets into trouble. His family has positive expectations of him, and he does his best to meet them. In the end, he comes to realize that he has been wrong to cover up for his brother’s actions and that it is high time for Gene to start taking responsibility. One can say that Billy has finally broken free of the cage and is now ready to face a new life, better than his father’s. The main character in An Ounce of Cure also undergoes a similar situation to Billy’s at home. She is portrayed as a terribly wild teenager whose mother has strong

STATE of Nebraska, Appellee, v. Jerry Watson, Appellant Research Paper

STATE of Nebraska, Appellee, v. Jerry Watson, Appellant - Research Paper Example The offense was first-degree murder, and it resulted in his conviction and imprisonment for 10 to 20 years for use of lightest deadly weapon to commit the crime. This paper aims to; critically discuss the case of State of Nebraska v Jerry Watson in its entirety and, the importance of fingerprints/latent to the conviction of Jerry Watson. In an apartment in Omaha, Nebraska, Bonnet, the victim was living alone. After failing to report for work for two days in a row on October 17, 1978, a friend called the manager to check on him in his apartment complex. The manager of the complex looked through the mail slot in the door and saw him lying inside, he then knocked the door. When he failed to answer his door, through the mail slot, he saw Bonnet lying there but, he looked injured or very sick. The manager then decided to call an ambulance to rush Bonnet to the hospital for treatment. The Fire Department of Omaha responded to the call for help. Forcibly, they entered the apartment after the initial futile attempt to gain access to the apartment. Bonnet was found lying head facing down and naked. In his abdomen, he suffered one wound. The stabbed wound seemed to be the cause of his death as revealed by an autopsy. The Omaha police then began to process the complex apartment as the crime scene after securing it and discovering Bonnets body. Before the crime, the apartment was described as neat and very orderly. Photographs of the scene and evidence from the apartment taken by the crime scene investigators became part of the evidence. Newspapers were found scattered both on the floor and on a coffee table, and the telephone cord found severed. Hair and fecal matter found in the three towels found near Bonnets body. Cans of beer found in the kitchen sink and the trash can. A note that stated a piece of evidence also left the scene of the crime. The note ends with a derogatory statement to the police officers. After a thorough search, Bonnets wallet or any cash could

ASSESSMENT This module is assessed through One Literature Review (3500 Essay

ASSESSMENT This module is assessed through One Literature Review (3500 words) which you must submit electronically Submit - Essay Example The banner of ‘Islamic world’ and its homogeneity is represented by discursive practices and not by diversity of geographical boundaries, politics, history, language as well as broader contexts of material life. Various sources including new orthodoxy in government circles as well as mass media represents Islam as an ‘exceptional’ case making Muslims to be detached racialized and essentialised (Hunt, 2002). The veil is considered as an Islamist attire symbolizing loyalty to the religion and analogous to swastika used by Nazism. The argument over Muslim women’s clothing has led to emerging political battles. However, wearing the veil is considered part of the agenda of Islamic fundamentalism ( Modood, 2009 ). According to the article the veil is barbaric symbol which have been fought years past but still presents symbol of inequality and lack of freedom for women. The veil amongst other issues is considered to hide various women characteristics, virtue and status, for instance it could hide a loving mother as well as truly religious woman. There is some level of difficulty in differentiating which of the women hidden in veil represent genuine Islam. Linking the veil to Islamic fundamentalism of ‘child marriage’ and ‘murder’ represents it as a symbol of barbarism as discussed above (de Castro, 2004). This has been considered as contributing towards larger percentage of Islamophobic atmosphere which links veiling to illegal activities which in actual sense are far away from the truth. According to this article, the veil is compared to balaclava normally used by armed robber or a mugger. This is because both outfits shield identities of the wearer. In the same instance, the veil is considered as key signifier of Islam especially in ‘war against terror’ where it is constructed in the imagery of intruding violent threat. The attire has also been used in constructing public discourse which links I slamic religion to political questions on violence affecting regions such as United States and United Kingdom. The picture of veiled woman is sympathetically constructed as victim of extremism within the society. This was even used as key justification for the bombing of Afghanistan and Iraq, since the countries were considered as exercising disregard for the plight of Afghan women. Oppressive regime of Taliban equates veiling with tyranny hence considered as part of enemy’s territory. Werbner, P. (2007) ‘Veiled Interventions in Pure Space: Honor Shame and Embodied Struggles among Muslims in Britain and France’ in Theory Culture and Society, 24(2) pp. 161-186 According to the article various theoretical bases of state and law have been enacted as a recognized means of handling differences in human behavior as portrayed by religious dogmas. Basically, the kind of faith predominant in an area is as a result of strong traditional, cultural and political features as presented by occupants. However, the natural law identifies certain human objective values and demands as the basis for legal systems within regions. According to doctrine of natural law, various important components of traditional and cultural behavior are considered as having strong influence on human rights. Conversely, religion is considered as specific cultural form capable of

A Primer in the Politics of the War on Terror Essay

A Primer in the Politics of the War on Terror - Essay Example The U.S. led 'War on Terrorism' is directed to its inevitable end, rather 'endlessness', given the shifting paradigms of the war and the impact of war actions and consequences on global terrorist networks. The war, which began on a hysterical note at the 9/11 U.S. attacks by the al Qaeda was fought relentlessly by the U.S - initially on Afghanistan, alleged to be the homeland of al-Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden, the master brain behind the terrorist attacks, and then on Iraq, for their 'suspected' links with the al Qaeda, and the potential threats from Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). No sooner did the 'War on Terrorism' became 'War on Iraq,' aimed at ousting Saddam Hussein and the establishment of democracy in Iraq, strategically naming the war 'Operation Iraqi Freedom,' as America advanced its strategic and political interests in the Arab world. According to a 2004 report released by the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies, the U.S. actions in Iraq since 2003 M arch has weakened the global counter-terrorism coalition, which seemed formidable in 2001; however, "war on terrorism" was effective in revitalizing and motivating the al Qaeda network, [Strategic Survey 2003/04, 2004] As the war continues to be waged extending geographical territories, the 'enemy' seems all the more remote and ever-more prevailing, as new cohorts of terrorists emerge to be potential threat to the U.S. and its allies in the Western world. The human, economic, social costs and consequences of America's 'War on Terrorism' have been appalling and still continue to mount. The dismal and absolutely avoidable war consequences aggravates the need for a critical review of the politics behind Bush Administration's so-called 'War on Terrorism' - the legality, the real intentions, the propaganda, the schemes, and the roles and responsibilities of all those involved and concerned - resulting in one of the most demoralizing episode in the history of humanity, no less than Hitler's 'Holocaust.' Role of President and the Congress In the wake of the shocking September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001, President Bush dubbed the terrorist attack as acts of war, and proclaimed a 'global war on terrorism' (GWOT). The President's hastiness in declaring war on an 'enemy' not so well defined, and his declaration that al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters were unlawful "enemy combatants," rather than criminals, has been subject to critical analysis. [Feldman, 2002] However his decision to commit troops to combat without seeking a congressional declaration of war, [Ramsay, 2002] and expansion of his Presidential authority facilitating non-constitutional actions including the holding of prisoners without judicial review and approving torturous interrogation techniques [Seelye, 2001, Fisher, 2001] have been unilateral and critically grave violations of the U.S Constitution. The Congress also played a crucial role- despite protests, objections and voices of dissent from all quarters including the United Nations, the Congress categorically supported President's non-constitutiona

Domestic & Foreign Policies Writing Assignment Essay

Domestic & Foreign Policies Writing Assignment - Essay Example Participation in Head Start has seen more children graduate from high school to college than in previous decades. Similarly, Medicare has helped significantly decline mortality rates across all races in America. Apart from the direct benefits, safety nets are an indirect form of smart  investments in America’s economic growth because of the improved productivity and health. Even so, there are critics that see safety net programs as largely useless and counterproductive. They see the safety net programs as a disincentive for people to work, and in consequence, confine them to poverty. They encourage complacency and reliance, and reduce labor force participation.2 Despite the arguments, there is no much evidence to suggest the reduction in the labor force and laziness among recipients. In case they do, it is in a limited scale that is not comparable to the overall benefits of the programs. In the main, safety nets are beneficial because they develop the economy, support the middle  class, and lessen inequality. The invasion of Iraq was an unnecessary event that is similar to the redundant Vietnam War. The use of force in Iran is pointless and a waste of taxpayers’ money. The war on Iraq received condemnation both before and after the invasion. According to the United Nations Charter, the war is largely illegal. It results in unnecessary instability in Iraq, the Middle East, and even among a section of the American populace who do not support the war. Several deaths of innocent citizens occur because of the actions of American soldiers and their presence in the region.3 Even so, international restrictions on biological, chemical and nuclear weapons programs in Iraq are necessary for the sake of safety.4 Previous occurrences such as the nuclear attack on Japan were catastrophic, similar to the September 11 terror attacks. The

Home Networking Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Home Networking - Article Example dependent of one another either by resulting to emerging internet architect and protocols or by painting new UI ahead of technologies that are existing (Edwards et al., 2011). Challenges facing home networking are what make it a bit inconveniencing to users (Edwards et al., 2011). These are the reason for the slowdown in home networking but there are solutions to them. Once the problems are solved then, home networking can be more convenient to the users (Edwards et al., 2011). The article perspective is that of user (Edwards et al., 2011). This is because he has identified various problems experienced in home networking. Additionally, has stated the possible solutions that can be of use to try to solve the problems facing home networking (Edwards et al., 2011). Adoption of networking in homes has become rampant over the years. For instance, in 2009, 63% of homes in the U.S had broadband connectivity and more than 50% had a home network (Edwards et al., 2011). The home network is multiple computers using a shared connection (broadband) through wireless or wireless (Edwards et al., 2011). In late 1999 as ell as inception of 2000, this knowhow has greatly though showed gigantic growth problems. This problem, which experience is beyond inconvenience, as it poses threats to their privacy. Addressing these problems will first require research from the industry, system, and the networking. The advantage is that it bears implications, which are positive especially meant for sustainability as well as public accessibility. This is a commendable breakthrough based on its boosting to commercial, education as well as communication services (Edwards et al., 2011). Home network has problems more so on end users who find difficulties in securing and managing their networks because this development is for managed environment. The privacy of an individual is not a guarantee and it does not have the chance to install applications of new-generation (Edwards et al.,

Functional Areas of Business Management Essay Example for Free

Functional Areas of Business Management Essay Abstract A summary of the sales and marketing functional areas of an organization’s structure as an examination of the overall role and responsibility of the managers of each area. The sales manager’s primary goal is the development, implementation and evaluation of the strategic goals they desire to achieve with the sale organization to be able to meet the company’s overall goals. The marketing manager is responsible for indentifying of the market space with respect to the client, client’s needs and the ability of the product to meet the customer’s needs. Marketing managers are also critical for conducting and evaluating the results of a SWOT analysis for the company. This information is vital to the development of corporate goals of the organization. Functional Areas of Business Management There are a number of functional groups that make up an organization’s structure. Each of these business areas or internal organizations within the company provides a vital function or role to the overall success of the business. Some of these functional groups include; finance, human resources, marketing, operations, sales, customer service, research and development to list a few standard functional business groups. The two functional areas of business that will be reviewed and explored with respect to the manger’s roles and associated responsibilities are the sales and marketing functional areas or organizations of a company. There is a strong correlation to these functions within a business organization. Many organizations may separate these two functional groups and others may closely integrate these to ensure the overall goals are achieved through the cross functional interaction of these resources. â€Å"Sales management can be most easily defined as planning, implementing, and controlling personal contact programs designed to achieve the sales and fit objectives of the firm† (Gale, 2006,). As a sales manager the responsibility is instilled upon this person to be the leader of the sale team. As the leader you are responsible for the strategic planning and the overall process of setting the desired goals of the sales organization and it is a vital function of the sales manager. â€Å"Goal setting is usually based on a companys overall sales objectives or targets† (Gale, 2007). These goals may be cascaded down from senior management in a large organization or be developed through the overall profit and growth that the company is trying to achieve. As the manager of the sales organization it will be important to examine the past history of the products you are selling as an initial assessment of the previous success. Once you have reviewed the revenue results you can compare these to the state of the economy and determine if these results were typical of the results that other competitor companies achieved in a similar market under these conditions. Also the manager will have to examine the resources that are available and determine if these resources are similar to that of the resulting period being evaluated. â€Å"The ability of the sales manager to set goals is strongly related to the desires to change past performance—by lifting all sales, high-margin sales, creating sales for new products, etc† (Gale, 2007). Implementing the strategic plans are the next key functions of the sales manager. Depending upon the overall size of the company, size of the territory to cover and the market to cover the sales department may be subdivided into regions. These regions would then have regional managers responsible for each region all working to achieve the overall sales goals and objectives developed within the organization. In developing the plans for implementing, the sales manager may have to answer questions such as â€Å"how should a sales force be structured? How large a sales force is needed† (Gale, 2006) etc. The sales manager will create strategies to be able to achieve the goals. The plans developed for implementation may also include such things as if training is required and if so then what training is required. They will also be concern with determining if there are requirements for new budgets or increases to old budgets to be able to implement the strategic plans and successfully execute the strategy. Marketing is the second functional area to be examined as a manager in the organizational structure. The overall function of the marketing department and the leaders of this organization can be viewed as the research group for determining the business needs of the client and indentifying the market place. (Moorman and Rust, 1999) â€Å"Define the marketing managers as the liaison between the customer and the product†. The marketing manager plays a vital role in understanding the client, understanding the marketing place the client represents and how the product best fits the overall needs of this market place. Once the marketing manager and the through the marketing team has identified the market space and the need for the product in it, they will then focus on creating a plan that best allows the company to successfully introduce or continue to succeed in selling the product in the identified market. The marketing manager will be responsible to set goals that will create a path for the identified product into the identified market and clients. The marketing manager will utilize the SWOT analysis to create the data that supports the need of a customer to buy and use a desired product. In the SWOT process the marketing manager will also typically identify if there is a market for a new product that the company may have interest in developing. This feedback will be relayed to the research and development organization to identify the economical impact of such a new design. This cost to develop the desired product will be evaluated against the potential revenue that can generate. With this information the company will typically decide if the investment will be made to develop the new product or if simply an old product can be modified to achieve the desired results to the client. Once a new product is developed or a current product is improved the marketing organization will determine the most beneficial way to introduce these changes to the desired client base. This method can vary from printed material in magazines, internet, client handouts or simply by the sale organization when directly dealing with the existing and new clients when they interact with them. There is significant correlation between the sale department and the marketing department in many industries today. Often it will be observed that the two roles of sales and marketing can be combined to a product marketing manager with sole responsibilities to a single product or product line. When the two functions are combined the manager will be responsible for the growth and success of the product. This manager will also be required to conduct the market research and develop the most successful path to market for the product. Whether the sales and marketing managers are reviewed individually or as a combined role they both play vital roles in the overall developing, implementing and evaluating of the companies goals. References Moorman, C., and Rust, R.T.(1999). â€Å"The role of marketing†, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 63, pp. 180-197 (special Issue) Sales Management. Encyclopedia of Management. Ed. Marilyn M. Helms. 5th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 778-782. â€Å"Sales Management. Encyclopedia of Small Business. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2007. 993-996

Strategic Organizational Leadership in Capstone Paper

Strategic Organizational Leadership in Capstone Paper Overview Chrysler Group LLC is the third largest American Automobile manufacturer and fifth largest in the American market with an 8.79% market share on sales of 931,402 units. (Chrysler, 2010) The Chrysler Group LLC was created in 2009 through a 20% purchase of Chrysler LLC by The Fiat Group. The Chrysler Group LLC consists of Chrysler, Jeep, Ram, Dodge, Mopar and Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) brands of vehicles and parts. The recent alliance between the Fiat Group and Chrysler Group LLC is said to better position both companies in the global market (Chrysler, 2010). Chrysler Group LLC dates date to 1925 when it was founded by Walter Chrysler. The original Chrysler Corporation merged with Daimler-Benz in 1996 to form Daimler-Chrysler. In 2007 the Chrysler division of Daimler-Chrysler was purchased by Cerberus Capital Management to form Chrysler LLC, the precursor to the current Chrysler Group LLC. Fiat Group was started in 1899. Both companies have a unique history of innovative and storied products (Chrysler, 2010). Having survived a brief Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization in 2009, the company position is positioning itself for an automotive resurrection by choosing a back-to-basics alliance with Fiat. The collaboration gives Chrysler access to the Italian companys small-car expertise and global markets, while still manufacturing its Chrysler brands, including Dodge, Jeep, and Ram vehicles. Chryslers trademarked MOPAR (MOtor PARts) division, with its 30% market share, carries over 280,000 parts, options, and accessories for vehicle customization; it expanding to incorporate Fiat parts. Chryslers GEM (Global Electric Motor Cars) makes neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs). Headquartered in Auburn Hills, Mich., Chrysler Group LLCs product lineup features some of the worlds most recognizable vehicles models, including the Chrysler 300, Jeep Wrangler and Ram Truck. Fiat will contribute world-class technology, platforms and powertrains for small- and medium-sized cars, allowing Chrysler Group to offer an expanded product line including environmentally friendly vehicles. History In 1920, the president of Buick and Vice President of General Motors (GM) resigned his positions in the GM Corporation following political differences with founder and then-president of General Motors William Durant. This former automotive Vice President was promptly approached by a group of investors to focus his business acumen in the fledgling automotive industry on a small, financially troubled New York company called Maxwell Motor Corporation. The one-time automotive vice president was installed as president of Maxwell Motor Company (Hyde, 2003). The mans name was Walter Percy Chrysler. In short order, Walter Chrysler brought the Maxwell Motor Corporation out of bankruptcy. The financial improvement was due in large part to Mr. Chrysler introducing a new Maxwell model- the Chrysler Six (Hyde, 2003). This car was very well received by the automobile buying public and went on to sell 32,000 units in its first year, generating a profit of over $4 million for the small company. On the heels of the success of the Chrysler Six, Walter Chrysler changed the name of the Maxwell Motor Corporation to the Chrysler Corporation. Capitalizing on the success of the initial Chrysler model, Walter Chrysler introduced 4 additional Chrysler models know as the Chrysler 50, the Chrysler 60 the Chrysler 70 and the Chrysler Imperial 80. Interestingly the model numbers were derived from the top speed of these new vehicles as gauged on level ground. As a point of reference, Fords Model T was, until the introduction of the new Chrysler models, the fastest road car with a top speed of 35mph. I t was these new Chrysler models that caused Henry Ford to notoriously shut the doors of the Ford Motor Company for nine months to create a replacement for the Model T. By the time Ford closed its doors to redesign its offering, Chrysler had established itself as formidable competition. With sales of 192,000 of these new models, Chrysler officially became the fifth largest automobile manufacturing company in the industry (Hyde, 2003). Walter Chrysler determined that to achieve the greatest manufacturing cost efficiency, he would have to build his own plants to produce the various parts needed for his vehicles. The capital expenditure required to do this was estimated at $75 million. While successful, the Chrysler Corporation could not afford this capital expense and so Walter Chrysler contacted the banking firm of Dillon Read and Company in New York; a firm that fatefully had just purchased the Dodge Corporation from the widows of the late Dodge Brothers. Dillon Read and Company was eager to do business with the well known Chrysler Corporation. As part of the arrangement, the Dodge Corporation became a division of the Chrysler Corporation. This merger effectively increased the size of the Chrysler Corporation fivefold. Shortly after the merger, the Chrysler Corporation unveiled its new, low cost Plymouth and Desoto models. In a reversal of strategy, Walter Chrysler ended his drive to bring all manufacturing in-house. He was wise to see that the speed with which the automotive industry was growing demanded greater flexibility that in-house manufacturing could provide. Outsourcing automobile components was more expensive but allowed for greater flexibility and a more rapid development cycle in designing new models. In this same period, Walter Chrysler made research and development a budgetary priority. Research and Development persevered at the presidency of Chrysler was This foresight allowed Chrysler to weather the Great Depression and emerge in a more sound financial position than many others in the automotive industry (Curcio, 2000) In 1931, Joseph E. Fields assumed the presidency of Chrysler from Walter Chrysler and in 1936 Walter Chrysler fully handed of the daily operation of the company. At the beginning of the 1940s the Chrysler Corporation, along with most other large American manufacturers switched to wartime production. The Chrysler Corporations Dodge, Plymouth and Chrysler models were put on hold while the company contributed to the production of wartime necessities including small ammunition, submarine nets and, perhaps most notably, B-29 bomber engines (Hyde, 2003). As American industry adjusted to post-war production needs, the Chrysler Corporation started to falter and performance began to wane. The vivacity and forward momentum that Walter Chrysler imparted to the company were no longer present. After the automotive technology boom of the 20s and 30s, the rate of innovate in the industry began to slow. Post-war Americas tastes began to change toward streamlined, nontraditional models and, at times, at the expense of reliability and built quality (Hyde, 2003). To some extent, flashy advertising was influencing buying decision more than quality, features and nameplate. Chrysler was detrimentally slow to react to this new America. In 1950, a long-time legal counsel for the Chrysler Corporation by the name of L. L. Colbert became president. He immediately took the reins of the company to institute managerial reforms with the help of a professional management consulting firm. Colbert concentrated on three areas; expanding into international markets, centralizing corporate management and refocusing the engineering department on innovation. Despite his decisive changes, Colberts efforts did little to improve Chryslers position in the industry. In two short years, Colbert was replaced as head of Chrysler by Lynn Townsend. In charge of the struggling company, Townsend proved to be more successful in his revival attempt. He sold, closed or otherwise divested of unproductive manufacturing facilities and downsized the labor force thereby improving efficiency. He purchased a single early model IBM computer which helped workforce reduction efforts by eliminating the need for almost 800 employees. The early 1950s saw the dawn of Total Quality Management Theory lead by pioneers in the field including W. E. Deming and A. V. Feigenbaum (Kreitner, 2007). Townsend seemed to take notice of this movement as his most notable achievement was a focused quality improvement effort that did boost sales and allowed Chrysler to offer a warranty unprecedented in the industry thus far. To further the momentum,. Townsend undertook an aggressive marketing campaign touting the new, improved quality of Chrysler vehicles. Where Colbert had failed, Townsend succeeded; Chrysler was again a stable, financially healthy and expanding corporation. As might be expected, with this new success came growth. In the midst of the American space age of the 1960s, Chrysler expanded to include an aerospace division and became a principal subcontractor for NASAs Saturn rocket program. Townsends consistent push to grow international business resulted in Chrysler plants in 19 countries by the end of the decade. At the onset of the 1970s, the American car market was feeling the effects of a rising consumer price index, increasing competition from foreign auto manufacturers, and the first signs of the crude oil crisis. In 1969, Chrysler reported losses of almost $5 million dollars and, with an infrastructure to support he growth of the 1960s, was operating at only 65% of capacity. Chrysler met this changing market climate with a product stable that included large, expensive, gas thirsty vehicles as well as smaller more economical cars. The company seemed more content to contend with the traditional American competition than to assess the changing market demand and consequently, Chrysler was faced with an excess inventory of the vehicles the market wasnt buying and a severe shortage of the vehicles the market was demanding. Despite significant price reductions to move its excess inventory, Chryslers financial fortune continued to slide. Chryslers presidency was assumed by John Riccardo. Ricardo, with an accounting background was intent on cutting operating costs. Total employment, payroll and individual budget area were affected by the cost cutting measures. This period also marks the first efforts to import and sell vehicles manufactured overseas. Chryslers shortsightedness with regard to market demand was not over. Despite the inconsistency between what the company was manufacturing and the market was demanding, Chrysler continued to make larger, less efficient models right into the Arab oil embargo. In 1974, Chrysler reported an unprecedented budget deficit of over $50 million. In 1975, the damage was five times as great at over $250 million in losses. The American auto market was severely impacted by several factors including inflation and the Arab oil embargo but Chryslers significant foreign interests were still showing a profit. This profit served to offset the domestic losses however, in 1978 Chrysler again reported losses of over $200 million. Riccardo continued to cut costs, consolidate the various divisions of the Chrysler Corporation and direct manufacturing efforts toward smaller, more efficient vehicles but the Chrysler Corporations financial health continued an unsustainable slide. Chrysler ended the 1970s on the brink of bankruptcy. The company was spared bankruptcy proceedings by federal intervention in the form of a $1.5 billion lifeline loan guarantee. This loan came with conditions including the requirement that Chrysler raise $2 billion in additional money on their own and they make significant management changes. This last requirement ended the tenure of J. J. Riccardo as president of Chrysler. Riccardo was replaced by charismatic industry veteran Lido Anthony Lee Iacocca. Where Riccardo was an accountant, Iacocca was adept at public relations and marketing. He employed these skills in communicating to both the workforce at the Chrysler Corporation and the public at large the need for federal intervention By the mid-1980s, the company was back on track and stronger than ever before. Chrysler benefited from the combined impacts of strong industry demand and shifting consumer preferences toward pickup trucks and minivans, products that dominated Chryslers lineup. By 1997, Chrysler reported annual sales of 2.9 million vehicles, record revenues of $61 billion, and record earnings of $2.8 billion. Chryslers year-end market capitalization was $22.8 billion and its US market share crossed over 16%. Chrysler had become one of the most profitable automotive companies in the world and had roughly $7.5 billion in cash on hand.2 Nick Colas, an analyst with Credit Suisse First Boston, declared: Chrysler has a better business model for building and selling cars than General Motors and Ford do.3 As profitable as Chrysler was, however, the company was not capitalizing on the growth of the global automotive industry. Since the company had made limited investments in overseas markets up to this point, finding a partner made the most strategic sense. On May 7, 1998, Chrysler merged with Daimler, the leading German luxury car manufacturer, for $36 billion of Daimler stock, the largest trans-Atlantic merger in history. The merger was orchestrated in order to create an efficient and lean automotive powerhouse that would better compete in the global marketplace. The transaction was reported as a merger of equals in the business press. The combined company would have a market capitalization close to $100 billion. In 1997, Daimler reported revenues of $62 billion and net income of $1.8 billion. Though Daimler was soundly profitable and had a strong foothold in the European market with its Daimler, Mercedes-Benz, and Smart Car brands, Daimlers US market share was less than 1%.4 Daimlers management hoped that Chrysler would give the company greater inroads into the lucrative US automotive market with its extensive dealership network and powerful brand name. During the early 1980s, Iacoccas skills as a superb television salesman were of crucial importance as Chrysler lost nearly $1.8 billion in 1980the largest loss ever for a U.S. companyand another $475 million in 1981, before returning to the black in 1982. In August 1983 Chrysler was able to pay off the government loan guarantees seven years early, with the government making a $350 million profit on its investment. Chryslers road to recovery was a difficult one, demanding the closure of several plants and the reduction of the companys workforce. Once restructured, Chrysler scrapped its plans to diversify and divested the Gulfstream Aerospace unit it had purchased five years earlier, selling it to a New York investment firm for $825 million in early 1990. Two other units in the companys Chrysler Technologies subsidiaryElectrospace Systems and Airborne Systemswere slated for divestiture as well, which underscored Iacoccas intent to create a leaner, more sharply focused company. Meanwhil e, there were two key developments in the 1980s that helped form the foundation for the 1990s resurgence: the introduction of the minivan in 1984 and the acquisition three years later of American Motors Corporation and its Jeep brand for $1.2 billion. Reorganized as such, Chrysler entered the 1990s braced for a full recovery, but the economy did not cooperate. The decline in automotive sales during the fourth quarter of 1989the companys first fourth quarter decline since 1982portended a more crippling slump to come, as an economic recession gripped businesses of all types, both domestically and abroad. Net income in 1990 slipped to $68 million, then plunged to a $795 million loss the following year, $411 million of which was attributable to losses incurred by the companys automotive operations. Mired in an economic downturn, Chrysler appeared destined for more of the same, rather than headed toward recovery as Iacocca had hoped, but part of the reason for 1991s losses also led to the companys first step toward genuine recovery. Partly to blame for the $795 million loss in 1991 were the high preproduction and introduction costs associated with Chryslers new Jeep Grand Cherokee and increased production costs at the companys St. Louis minivan plant. These two types of vehiclesminivans and sport utility vehiclesrepresented the key to Chryslers recovery. The popularity of these vehicles, coupled with significant price advantages over Japanese models, fueled Chryslers resurgence. In 1992, Chrysler turned its $795 million loss the year before into a $723 million gain. It was a signal achievement, accomplished in Iacoccas last year as CEO. Taking over during 1992 was Robert Eaton, who was hired away from GM, where he was head of European operations. Chrysler then went on to enjoy its most successful year ever, with 1994 earnings of $3.7 billion on revenues of $52.2 billion. The good news at Chrysler continued into the late 1990s, after the company managed to fend off a $22 billion buyout proposed by billionaire investor Kirk Kerkorian in 1995. The long prosperity and low gasoline prices of the middle to late 1990s created a huge demand for large vehicles, and Chrysler was producing hot models in each of the hottest segments: the Dodge Ram pickup truck; the Town Country minivan; and several sport utility vehiclesthe Jeep Grand Cherokee, the Jeep Wrangler, and the Dodge Durango. Questions about the quality of Chrysler products continued to pop up, but the companys share of the U.S. auto market reached as high as 16.7 percent in 1996, the highest level since 1968. In 1996, the year Chrysler moved into new headquarters in Auburn Hills, Michigan, sales reached $61.4 billion. The Creation and Early Years of DaimlerChrysler Daimler-Benz Chief Executive JÃ ¼rgen Schrempp had concluded as early as 1996 that his companys automotive operations needed a partner to compete in the increasingly globalized marketplace. Chryslers Eaton was drawing the same conclusion in 1997 based on two factors emerging around the same time: the Asian economic crisis, which was cutting into demand, and worldwide excess auto manufacturing capacity, which was looming and would inevitably lead to industry consolidation. With annual global overcapacity as high as 18.2 million vehicles predicted for the early 21st century, it became clearer that Daimler-Benz and Chrysler could survive as merely regional players if they continued to go it alone. After several months of negotiations, Daimler-Benz and Chrysler reached a merger agreement in May 1998 to create DaimlerChrysler AG in a $37 billion deal. The deal was consummated in November 1998, forming an auto behemoth with total revenues of $130 billion, factories in 34 countries on four continents, and combined annual unit sales of 4.4 million cars and trucks. The two companies fit well together geographically, Daimler strong in Europe and Chrysler in North America, and in terms of product lines, with Daimlers luxurious and high-quality passenger cars and Chryslers line of low-production-cost trucks, minivans, and sport utility vehicles. Although this was ostensibly a merger of equalsthe company set up co-headquarters in Stuttgart and Auburn Hills, naming Eaton and Schrempp co-chairmenit soon became clear that the Germans were taking over the Americans. DaimlerChrysler was set up as a German firm for tax and accounting purposes, and the early 2000 departures of Thomas Stallkamp , the initial head of DaimlerChryslers U.S. operations, and Eaton (who was originally slated to remain until as late as November 2001) left Schrempp in clear command of the company. During 1999 DaimlerChrysler concentrated on squeezing out $1.4 billion in annual cost savings from the integration of procurement and other functional departments. The company organized its automotive businesses into three divisions: Mercedes-Benz Passenger Cars/smart, the Chrysler Group, and Commercial Vehicles. In November 1999 DaimlerChrysler announced that it would begin phasing out the aging Plymouth brand. The Debis services division was merged with Chryslers services arm to form DaimlerChrysler Services, while DASA was renamed DaimlerChrysler Aerospace. Late in 1999 the company reached an agreement to merge DaimlerChrysler Aerospace with two other European aerospace firms, the French Aerospatiale Matra and the Spanish CASA, to form the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS). DaimlerChrysler would hold a 30 percent stake in EADS, which would be the largest aerospace firm in Europe and the third largest in the world. In early 2000, DaimlerChrysler set the lofty goal of becoming the number one automaker in the world within three years. The companys most pressing needs were to bolster its presence in Asia, where less than 4 percent of the companys overall revenue was generated, and to gain a larger share of the small car market in Europe. Filling both of these bills was DaimlerChryslers purchase of a 34 percent stake in Mitsubishi Motors Corporation for $2 billion, a deal announced in late March. The company later increased its interest in Mitsubishi when it purchased a 3.3 percent stake from Volvo. In another key early 2000 development, DaimlerChrysler agreed to join with GM and Ford to create an Internet-based global business-to-business supplier exchange named Covisint. DaimlerChryslers lofty goal would remain unrealized however, as the company faced a host of challenges. The Chrysler Group division was plagued by high costs and weak sales which ultimately cost James P. Holden his CEO position. Buoyed by its strong sales in the mid-1990s, Chrysler had spent heavily on product development in the late 1990s and bolstered its work force while costs were skyrocketing. By the second half of 2000 Chrysler lost $1.8 billion while spending over $5 billion. Dieter Zetsche was tapped to reorganize the faltering U.S. division. He launched a major restructuring effort in February 2001 that included cutting $2 billion in costs, making additional cuts in supplier costs, slashing 20 percent of its workforce, and making changes to Chryslers product line that included the elimination of the Jeep Cherokee (the Grand Cherokee remained in the product line) and the launch of the Jeep Liberty. At the same time, global economies began to weaken in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. To entice customers, car makers began offering buyer incentives that began to wreak havoc on profits. Industry analysts began to speculate that the 1998 merger may have been a mistakeSchrempps proclamation that the deal would create the most profitable car maker in world had indeed fallen short. In fact, the companys market capitalization was $38 billion in September 2003. Before the union Daimlers market cap had been $47 billion. Meanwhile, the companys Mercedes division plugged along launching the E-Class sedan, the SLK roadster, and the Maybach luxury vehicle. In 2003, Chrysler launched the Crossfire, a roadster developed with Mercedes components, and the Pacifica, a SUV/minivan. It also began to heavily market its powerful Hemi engine, which could be purchased for the Dodge Ram pickup and its passenger cars. In early 2004, Chryslers 300C sedan and the Dodge Magnum sports wagon made their debut. Competition remained fierce in the auto industry prompting DaimlerChrysler to make several changes in its strategy. In December 2003, the company sold its MTU Aero Engines business. That year the firm acquired a 43 percent stake in Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation hoping to cash in on Asias growing truck market. Perhaps its most drastic move, however, came in April 2004 when DaimlerChryslers supervisory board voted against providing funds to bailout Mitsubishi Motors, which by now was struggling under losses and a huge debt load. Mitsubishi played a crucial role in Schrempps Asian expansion strategy and it developed the platforms for Chryslers compact and midsize cars. The failure to provide funds put a strain on the business relationship between the two and threatened to result in huge problems for Chrysler, which had cut back on engineering capacity as it relied on Mitsubishi to develop its small and mid-sized cars. At the same time, DaimlerChrysler moved ahead in the Chinese marketwithout Mitsubishi and without another partner, Hyundai. To bolster is presence in the region, DaimlerChrysler restructured its joint venture with Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co. Ltd. and set plans in motion to tie up with Chinese Fujian Motor Industry Group and the Taiwanese China Motor Corporation to launch several cars in the Chinese market by 2005. Rumors circulated that DaimlerChryslers relationship with Hyundai was faltering as a result, and in 2004 the company signaled that it would sell its interest in the South Korean automaker. By 2004, Schrempps DaimlerChrysler was a far cry from what the 1998 merger promised to deliver. The companys financial record was lackluster, bogged down by Chryslers $637 million loss in 2003. DaimlerChrysler remained the worlds number three car maker, leaving the 2000 goalto become the number one auto company in the worldunfulfilled. Whether the merger would provide the hoped-for results remained to be seen. Literature Review Leadership is the process through which one individual influences the attitudes perceptions and motivations of other members of a group toward the achievement of a specific group or organizational goal (Greenberg Baron, 2008). Strategic leadership, by extension, is a leaders ability to foresee and proactively act on external conditions, and empower group members to implement change toward the strategic plan as necessary (Kreitner, 2007). Strategic change therefore is that change that happens as an organization moves toward the attainment of their strategic plan. (Kreitner, 2007). Strategic leadership is serves several functions, includes extending managerial influence through other group members, and makes organizations more able to successfully meet the need for change that is brought by ever quickening change in the market and market forces (Nickels et al., 2002). The ability to understand and analyze internal realities as well as market forces is a necessary component of strategic leadership. With this information in-hand, it is then necessary to perform complex information analyses. Appling a strategic management process successfully will aid in bringing about effective strategic leadership (Hitt and Keats, 1992). As this description suggests, strategic management is not without complexities, but it is critically necessary for successful strategic leadership. Many organization in todays business environment fall victim to the over-managed, under-led paradigm and so the understanding and successful implementation of strategic leadership is more important than ever (Kreitner, 2007). The successful application of strategic leadership starts at the top. By virtue of his or her position, the CEO should not consider delegating this specific duty to lower management. Once the CEO is effectively practicing strategic management, his or her methods may be adopted by other managers to effectively implement strategic management in the various divisions of an organization (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 1995). Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson (1995) formulated a strategic leadership model which consists of six components; Determining strategic direction, exploiting and maintaining core competencies, developing human capitol, Sustaining effective corporate culture, emphasizing social responsibility and ethical practices, and establishing strategic controls. (1) Determining strategic direction; (2) Exploiting and maintaining core competencies; (3) Developing human capital; (4) Sustaining an effective corporate culture; (5) Emphasizing social responsibility and ethical practices; and (6) Establishing strategic controls. Determining strategic direction of an organization involves using all information available on market, competition, core competencies and well as foresight and vision to clearly define long range goals for the organization (Kreitner, 2007). Strategic intent means leveraging the firms internal resources, strengths, opportunities and core competencies to accomplish the goals that have been defined in the strategic planning process. Strategic directions give the members of the organization a clear path to attainment of the set goals (Kreitner, 2007). An organizations efforts can be considered strategic intent exists when all members of the organization or united in their pursuit of the specific benchmarks set forth by the strategic plan and belive that these goals are attainable and attainment will enable the organization to have a competitive advantage over other organizations in their industry. (Kreitner, 2007). Intel, Canon, and Xerox Microsoft are good example of corporations that have clearly discernable strategic intents (Loeb, 1993). Clear strategic intent requires effective strategic planning and effective strategic planning requires long range vision and foresight, usually five to ten years into the future. This long range vision must incorporate organizational and human resource strategy, design strategy, product planning strategy and information use and information system strategy and, finally, it must provide for a system of strategic control (Hunt, 1991). Exploiting and Maintaining Core Competencies is the second of the six components. Core competencies are the internal and external resources and the body of capabilities and expertise that give an organization its identity in the market and ultimately, its competitive advantages. Usually, core competencies relate to an organizations ability to produce their main products, be they material of informational. Some examples might include industrial manufacturing, research, customer interfaces and customer service, retail sales, technology or even specific patents held by the company. Unique market positioning, and unique customer benefits or product value are results of core competency and so, these things should be analyzed when determining core competency. A good question to ask is: why do our customers do business with us?. A main responsibility of strategic leaders in business today is to first identify, and then strengthen and grow their core competencies. Once core competencies are identified, they can then be utilized. As strategic leaders, corporate managers make decisions intended to help their firm develop, maintain, strengthen, leverage, and exploit core competencies. Exploiting core competencies involves sharing resources across units. In general, the most effective core competencies are based on intangible resources, which are less visible to competitors because they relate to employees knowledge or skills. Effective strategic leaders promote the sharing of intangible resources across business units in their firms (Hitt and Keats, 1992). In many large, diversified firms, core competencies are developed and applied across different units in the organization (economies of scope) to create a competitive advantage. Miller Beer, for example, has applied marketing and promotion competencies across its multiple businesses (Maruca, 1994). In many multinational corporations, the development, nurturing, and application of core competencies also facilitate managing complex relationships across business operating in different international markets. Whirlpool has emphasized competency across country borders (Lei, Hitt, and Bettis, 1990). 3. Developing Human Capital Human capital refers to the knowledge and skills of the organizations work force employees as a capital resource (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 1995). Much of the development of American industry can be attributed to human capital. One-third of the gr